Month: August 2014

Splendid work with machine guns

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26th August 1914

The Dorsets were roused at 1am when some Bedfords fell back from their trenches. Gleichen recalls “some men in the trenches began firing at some probably imaginary Germans”. I imagine the Dorsets weren’t amused by this unnecessary exercise. Orders were at 4am received as expected to move out in the morning but almost immediately those were cancelled. 2 German Divisions were at Le Cateau, a couple of miles to the east of the 5th Division.

General Smith-Dorrien, Commander of II Corps, had decided to stand and fight. He took the chance of stopping the Germans, albeit for a short time, with a quick engagement. It was a chance to allow I Corps to slip away to fight another day. We’ll explore the ramifications for this decision in another post, but for now the 5th Division was prepared to stand and fight.

The Dorsets set about readying defences and deepening trenches. I’ve tried to indicate the positions they occupied on the map. This is pure conjecture, taken from descriptions in the war diary. I don’t yet have the maps they were working from (GSGS no: 2526 13), but I will get hold of them in the future. The war diary often describes positions by the type on the page e.g. On the LA of LA SOTIERE.

Unlike at Mons, where the landscape hampered guns, Le Cateau was perfect for artillery warfare. The naturally undulating landscape made it easy to conceal batteries. Gleichen estimates that there were nearly 700 enemy guns in action that day. Shells starting falling around 7am and increased in ferocity throughout the day.

The 13th and 14th Brigade were suffering particularly on the right. The 3rd Division was being attacked on the left. But the 15th was having a relatively easy time in the middle although later on shellfire, especially shrapnel, caused casualties to trickle through the Brigade’s lines.

The Dorsets were providing covering fire and keeping off attacks with rifle and machine gun fire. Lieutenant Woodhouse is mentioned as having done “splendid work” both in the war diary and by the Brigade Commander himself. He comments that “the shooting of the Bedfords and Dorsets had had a great effect in keeping off the German attack thereabouts”.

Finally, in the early afternoon, the British line began to fall back. The British artillery, in particular, had suffered greatly. At 4:20pm the order came to retire. The Dorsets slipping away through Troisville, covered by A Company as they went.

 

It seems the retirement was the hardest part of the day for the Dorsets. Marching through villages was considered too dangerous. The Germans are shelling roads and villages out of Le Cateau. So Gleichen ordered the Brigade off road. The Dorsets struck out across country and marched, slowly, footsore and perplexed that they had retired at all, to Ferme Genève, where they spent an “uncomfortable night with no supplies”.

Casualties: 14 wounded, 21 missing. The CWGC reports 3 fatalities in the Dorsets that day.

Quelle fromage

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25th August 1914

This post tops off a mammoth few days for the Dorsets in 1914, as well as me – doing this amount of research every day has been very hard to maintain while newborns are in range and a new range was born. Well, more like a wood burner installed, but that doesn’t pun as well.

The 5th Division was now asked to march down the eastern edge of Mormal forest. 14th Brigade was acting as rearguard and all the Dorsets had to do was march. But walking nearly 20 miles in sweltering weather, after the travails of the previous few days, must have been very trying for the men. But march they did. “The march discipline of the Dorsets was, under the circumstances, very good, that of  ‘D’ Company particularly so, ” wrote Ransome in his memoirs. I do hope Frank was strolling along at the head of D Company.

Rations were a major concern. The Dorsets hadn’t drawn any since the 23rd August. Gleichen reports that he had permission to scavenge locally. What they did find at Englefontaine was distributed to the men of the 15th Brigade but the Dorsets’ war diary complains that “none reached the Dorsets”.

Once the 15th Brigade arrived at a crossroads to Le Cateau at 2pm they paused. Company A of the Dorsets was sent into partially prepared trenches at the roadside. The rest of the battalion bivouacked in amongst the corn stooks east of Troisvilles. Here they finally received food, although I am not sure the pièce de résistance of their scavenging, a cart of “very smelly cheeses”, would have been very appealing to the soldiers.

That evening a thunderstorm brought rain. Aeroplanes, both Allied and enemy, flitted above their heads. Masses of French cavalry could be seen crossing the downs. Civilians streamed down the roads pushing carts containing hastily gathered belongings. It must have felt fairly depressing for the BEF to feel like they were in retreat.

The Dorsets received orders to stand to at 3:30am and have wagons ready to move at 7am. They must have had confidence in their superiors that there was a plan in place. The reconnoitred and prepared trenches at the crossroads surely proved this: That the fighting retreat was being conducted in accordance with a strategy. We’ll see in time whether their confidence was shared by senior staff.

Nobody calls me Cecil

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24th August – The Battle of Mons

By daybreak troops from the 3rd Division were trickling back through the Dorsets’ lines. The Battalion HQ had received orders at 2am that they were to fall back south to Pâturages once they were relieved by a 13th Brigade unit. This started with the Duke of Wellington’s who relived D Company at 6am, followed by some of C Company.

The rest, Company B and remnants of A and C stayed put and fought. My guess is that in the confusion it was impossible to know who was passing through them and that their duty, as rearguard, remained to stand and fight. By 11:30am Captain Williams wrote to HQ that “I am being gradually driven in, and my ammunition is almost exhausted”.

But HQ had already left the railway bridge at Wasmes for Pâturages, along with transport and the machine gun section at 8am. They sent Company A to reinforce the Bedfords. The Dorsets were now fighting a rearguard action.

At 10:30am the battalion’s transport ran into a mass of German soldiers who had worked their way round to the rear of the 15th Brigade. Lieutenant Cecil Francis Mowbray Margetts, transport officer and all round hard man, saved the situation from certain disaster by riding into the enemy firing his revolver. Gleichen sees Margetts riding past “streaming with blood from the shoulder.” He was left in the house of a local doctor and later taken prisoner. He was awarded the D.S.O. on the 5th December, the first of the Dorsets to do so, and survived the war, dying at the grand old age of 92 in 1976.

By 2pm the situation had become untenable for the rest of the Dorsets and, having exhausted ammunition and, with the Germans pressing their left and right flanks, they “ran for their lives”. Their bravery, and refusal to withdraw throughout the morning, had meant that the rest of the brigade in reserve had got away in fairly good order. They retired to Blaugies pretty much unbothered by the enemy, who had been dealt a very hard blow by the BEF.

Just as they were cooking up some food, exhausted from the fighting and extreme heat, the Dorsets received orders to march across the border to St. Waast in France, where the remnants of the 5th Division were reforming. They arrived there along with the remnants of the 15th Brigade – the Cheshires and Norfolks had had a particularly rough time defending the left hand flank of the 5th Division. The 1st Bn Cheshires was pretty much decimated after a desperate cavalry charge failed to drive off the German attack.

The Dorsets, themselves, had suffered their first casualties: 12 killed, 49 wounded and 69 men missing. Although it’s interesting to note that running a query on the Commonwealth War Graves Commission website lists 20 men from the Dorsetshire Regiment having died on the 23rd August 1914. 12 of those are commemorated at La Ferte-Sous-Jouarre. 6 at Hautrage Military Cemetery, 1 at Houdain-Les-Bavay Communal Cemetery and 1 at Troisvilles Communal Cemetery.

Four officers were missing including Lieutenant Margetts and Captain Hyslop whom we met yesterday. He was “severely wounded” at 10:30am. I dug around and, happily, he survived the war (his full name was Robert George Bingham Maxwell-Hyslop). He became an official historian of The Great War and co-wrote Volume V: 26 September – 11 November: The Advance to Victory in 1947. If you’re feeling rich and going on a 3 month cruise, or serving at Her Majesty’s pleasure, then you can buy the Official History of The Great War (France and Belgium) on a DVD.

The other officer who was injured was Lieutenant Walter Algenon Leishman. Like Margetts, he must have been taken prisoner and, sadly, only survived the war by 3 months, dying on 19 Feb 1919. You can tell he was a POW as he has Exonerated Officers List written on his medal card.

The day’s fighting is really hard to visualise. I’ve tried my best to show the Dorsets’ progress throughout the 24th August but it is, at best, an approximation. The day’s action is best summed up by Lt-Col Ransome. “Confused fighting, complicated by uncertainty as regards the flanks, lack of training in street fighting, and embarrassment over the crowds of civilians thronging through the streets.” The 5th Division had done exactly what had been asked of it. It had fought over an overextended line in impossible terrain but it had held the Germans off for long enough to prevent them completely encircling the BEF and the French Fifth Army.

No longer playing games

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23rd August 1914 – The Battle of Mons

The Battle of Mons marked the first engagement between the British and German Armies in World War One. I’m not going to describe the battle of Mons here. There are many explanations on the internet that are far more eloquent than I could ever hope to be. A great place to start with learning about World War One is The Long Tail.

The 15th Brigade was positioned as reserve to the 5th Division. They faced two main problems. Firstly the environment was not suited to warfare as it was dotted with “narrow streets, gardens, slag heaps, factories and railway works”, according to the regimental history. Secondly the line they were covering was very wide, which meant that there were gaps between units. Gleichen remarks that the regulation distance between units was 1000 yards but the 15th Brigade was strung out over 3 miles (5280 yards). When that happens there is usually confusion, both through lack of communication and the fact the the enemy penetrate those gaps and attack from the flanks.

Image showing wargame of the Battle of Mons
No longer just a game.

On the morning of the 23rd, the 15th Brigade was split in two. Half the companies (C and D) were sent to Wasmes. The other half remained in reserve in billets in Dour. They tried to maintain routine;  a parade and service was planned for 10am and even plans for billeting were drawn up by Battalion Headquarters during the day. But these were abandoned by 12pm and, eventually, the rest of the Dorsets were instructed to get their kit ready.

By 12:40pm the German guns could be heard. Gleichen remarks, not for the first time, that they had no idea of the scale of forces against which they were arrayed. He reports that “there was perhaps a corps in front of us, but as a matter of fact there were three, if not four corps.” The British were outnumbered by about 3 to 1 .

The Dorsets were dug into shallow trenches in amongst the Bedfords. By 4:10pm things were not going well for the 3rd Division ahead of them. Although they had acquitted themselves admirably and had cause considerable damage to the Germans, they were simply overwhelmed, were running out of ammunition and severely depleted in strength. The Dorsets received the news that the 3rd Division was retiring to the south of Mons and that the 15th Brigade was to block the Mariette-Paturages Road.

At 5pm the Dorsets entered combat for the first time. Enemy shells began to land beyond their trenches. At 5:30pm D Company reported that enemy troops were 1000 yards north of their trenches. A little later S.A.A. (small arms ammunition) carts were requested. At 7:30 C Company sighted enemy scouts. Things were hotting up.

Meanwhile companies A and B had arrived in Wasmes and were initially  hidden under a railway arch near the station, before being moved into fields and entrenching. Wasmes station is no longer there and, judging by the map in the History 1st Bn. The Dorsetshire Regiment 1914-1919, part of the railway line isn’t there anymore either. However, I think you can see remnants of the line in the satellite photography, and I’ve marked this in red on the map.

Later the evening the Dorsets had the added trouble of dealing with civilians trying to cross the lines. They arrested several, including “a hunchback, and he was terrified when we searched him—we found a clip of five German cartridges in his pocket.”

Digging in, assisted by the local miners, and distributing the ammunition became their priority towards the end of the day. It was clear that the Germans would attack at any moment in force. They even started putting in parapets to the rear of their trenches.

The Germans were working their way around the 15th Brigade and at some time in the evening had managed to position a machine gun on a slag heap to the Dorset’s rear. This was to cause them a certain amount of bother the following morning.

Dour by name

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22nd August 1914

The Dorsets set off at 3:30am and marched 15 miles to Dour, just across the frontier in Belgium. The weather continued to be hot and even the war diary mentions how trying the march was.

Along the way, the landscape gradually changed from bucolic countryside to a horizon dotted with slag heaps, pit heads, chimneys and tramlines.

It was hardly the ideal location for a battle. It was a far cry from the days when Marlborough and Wellington had campaigned across its lush pastures and woodlands. The Dorsets were entering “La Borinage”, a populous industrial area, which had been a muse to Van Gogh in the 1870s with its social depravation and ugliness.

Image of a painting called Coalmine in the Borinage by Vincent Van Gogh
Coalmine in the Borinage by Vincent Van Gogh

Gleichen wasn’t complimentary about the location. “Any more impossible country for cavalry—except perhaps the London Docks—I have never seen.

The Dorsets billeted in Dour in the offices of a mining company. The rest of the brigade were strung out all the way up to Bois de Boussu. The BEF had finally formed up into a whole. Transport Officers like the Dorset’s Captain Hyslop were finally rejoining their units. He’d arrived in Le Havre on the 13th August and had been gallivanting around the French countryside in a “70-h.p. Daimler” organising billeting and travel arrangements for the 15th Brigade. That sounds like a terribly powerful for a car for that time. I can’t find any reference to the cars available to the 5th Division at that time, nor a 70hp Daimler having existed in 1914.

Sir John French was not planning on fighting at Mons. This was his staging area for the BEF to hook up with the French Fifth Army and attack the Germans head on.

Unfortunately the Fifth Army was being absolutely battered, and, by the end of the day, a gap had opened up between the French and the British. The Germans were pouring into the gap, unwittingly, into the path of the BEF, in an effort to outflank the French and move on Paris. Sir John grudgingly agreed with the French to stand at Mons for 24 hours.